A total of nine stars can be awarded if the study meets certain criteria, with a maximum of four stars assigned for the selection dimension, a maximum of two stars assigned for the comparability dimension, and a maximum of three stars assigned for the outcome dimension. A list of specific questions was attached as a supplementary file. There are seven categories in total, which assess the representativeness of the sample, sample size justification, comparability between respondents and non-respondents, ascertainments of exposure, comparability based on study design or analysis, assessment of the outcome, and appropriateness of statistical analysis. The scale consists of three dimensions: Selection, Comparability, and Outcome. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) adapted for cross-sectional studies was used for study quality appraisal, which was modified accordingly from the scale used in Epstein et al. (2018). An additional objective was to identify factors that are associated with psychological distress.Ī data extraction form was used to include relevant data: (1) Lead author and year of publication, (2) Country/region of the population studied, (3) Study design, (4) Sample size, (5) Sample characteristics, (6) Assessment tools, (7) Prevalence of symptoms of depression/anxiety/ PTSD/psychological distress/stress, (8) Associated risk factors. The objective of this systematic review is to summarize extant literature that reported on the prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, PTSD, and other forms of psychological distress in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Taken together, there is an urgent call for more attention given to public mental health and policies to assist people through this challenging time.
Separate lines of research have also reported an increase in psychological distress in the general population, persons with pre-existing mental disorders, as well as in healthcare workers ( Hao et al., 2020 Tan et al., 2020 Wang et al., 2020b). The foregoing result (i.e., rising trajectory of suicide) was also reported in the USA, Pakistan, India, France, Germany, and Italy ( Mamun and Ullah, 2020 Thakur and Jain, 2020). For example, McIntyre and Lee (2020b) have reported a projected increase in suicide from 418 to 2114 in Canadian suicide cases associated with joblessness. The uncertainties and fears associated with the virus outbreak, along with mass lockdowns and economic recession are predicted to lead to increases in suicide as well as mental disorders associated with suicide. Declines in tourism, aviation, agriculture, and the finance industry owing to the COVID-19 outbreak are reported as massive reductions in both supply and demand aspects of the economy were mandated by governments internationally ( Nicola et al., 2020). The rapidly evolving situation has drastically altered people's lives, as well as multiple aspects of the global, public, and private economy.
On, the WHO declared the outbreak a global pandemic ( Anand et al., 2020). The causative virus, SARS-CoV-2, was identified as a novel strain of coronaviruses that shares 79% genetic similarity with SARS-CoV from the 2003 SARS outbreak ( Anand et al., 2020).
In December 2019, a cluster of atypical cases of pneumonia was reported in Wuhan, China, which was later designated as Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO) on ( Anand et al., 2020).
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